Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers reflecting β-amyloid and axonal pathology in Alzheimer’s disease and related conditions

نویسنده

  • Niklas Mattsson
چکیده

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers may be used to identify and monitor pathological processes in the central nervous system. CSF biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42), total-tau (T-tau) and phosphorylated-tau (P-tau), reflecting brain amyloid, axonal and tangle pathology, respectively. This dissertation aims at defining and validating CSF biomarkers for amyloid and axonal pathology in AD and related conditions. We found that CSF Aβ42, T-tau and P-tau identified early-stage AD patients in a uniquely large multi-center study, and achieved very high diagnostic performance in a well-controlled mono-center study, with careful standardization of clinical procedures, sample handling, and laboratory performance. The distribution of CSF Aβ42, T-tau and P-tau levels differed across age groups, likely reflecting age-dependent prevalence of AD-like pathology in cognitively stable individuals. In the multi-center study, differences in the measured CSF biomarker levels were seen across laboratories. To monitor this, we established an external quality control program for CSF biomarkers. This program continues to grow and currently includes over 70 laboratories world-wide. BACE1 is a key enzyme for Aβ production, and therefore an attractive therapeutic target in AD. CSF biomarkers were studied to measure pharmacodynamic effects of BACE1-inhibitors. A panel of novel biomarkers was identified that may be used to track treatment effects in clinical trials. Finally, CSF biomarkers of amyloid and axonal pathology were studied in the lysosomal disease Niemann-Pick type C and in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Both these diseases had distinctly altered markers of amyloid metabolism and axonal pathology, and the biomarkers responded to treatments. In summary, this dissertation indicates that CSF biomarkers are useful in early AD diagnosis, identification of treatment effects and monitoring of amyloid and axonal pathology across neurological diseases. It introduces a quality control program to facilitate global biomarker implementation. With the advancement of biomarkers as components of novel diagnostic criteria, knowledge of CSF biomarker alterations in different diseases will support optimal patient management. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Genom att mäta olika ämnen som avspeglar biologiska processer i kroppen (”biomarkörer”) kan man få kunskap om en patients hälsotillstånd. Flera biomarkörer är förändrade i ryggvätskan (likvor) vid neurologiska och psykiatriska sjukdomar beroende på sjukdomsprocesser i hjärnan. Vid Alzheimers sjukdom ansamlas proteinämnet β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) i klumpar (amyloida plack) mellan hjärnans nervceller och nivåerna av Aβ42 i ryggvätskan sjunker. Dessutom förtvinar nervcellernas utskott (axon) och utsöndrar proteinet tau (T-tau), som ibland är förändrat med extra fosforyleringar (P-tau). Genom att mäta Aβ42, T-tau och P-tau i ryggvätskan hos en patient med kognitiv störning kan man få ledtrådar om problemens orsak och komma närmare en säker diagnos. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka markörer för amyloidomsättning och axonskador vid Alzheimers sjukdom och andra hjärnsjukdomar. Vi fann att ryggvätskenivåerna av Aβ42, T-tau och P-tau var förändrade vid Alzheimers sjukdom redan vid tidiga kliniska symptom. Nivåerna av Aβ42, T-tau och P-tau i ryggvätskan varierade med åldern hos personer utan kognitiv svikt. Detta beror troligen på att förändringar i hjärnan kan upptäckas med biomarkörer innan de ger upphov till symptom. Biomarkörerna varierade mellan laboratorier. Vi etablerade därför ett internationellt kontrollprogram för mätningarna, som kan underlätta användning av dessa biomarkörer i framtiden. Det saknas fortfarande effektiv behandling mot Alzheimers sjukdom. Ett enzym som är inblandat i produktionen av Aβ42 är BACE1. Vi identifierade biomarkörer som förändrades vid behandling med BACE1-hämmare. Dessa biomarkörer kan användas i studier av nya läkemedel mot Alzheimers sjukdom. Vi undersökte också biomarkörer för amyloidomsättning och axonskador vid den sällsynta ärftliga sjukdomen Niemann-Pick typ C och vid borreliainfektion i centrala nervsystemet. Sammanfattningsvis fann vi att biomarkörer i ryggvätska kan vara användbara för tidig diagnos av Alzheimers sjukdom och ge information vid flera andra sjukdomstillstånd. Mer kunskap om biomarkörer kan troligen bidra till bättre vård av patienter inom neurologi och psykiatri i framtiden.

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تاریخ انتشار 2011